list all the gold mine strikes in south africa

# Major Gold Mine Strikes in South Africa

South Africa has a long history of gold mining, which has been accompanied by numerous labor strikes due to disputes over wages, working conditions, and union rights. Below is a list of some of the most significant gold mine strikes in South Africa’s history:

## Early Strikes (Pre-Apartheid Era)
1. 1920 Rand Revolt – A major strike by white miners protesting against job competition from Black workers and demanding better wages. The strike turned violent and was suppressed by the government.
2. 1946 African Mine Workers' Strike – Organized by the African Mine Workers' Union (AMWU), around 75,000 Black miners went on strike demanding higher wages. The strike was brutally crushed by police, leading to 12 deaths and over 1,000 arrests.

## Apartheid-Era Strikes
3. 1973 Durban Strikes – While not exclusively gold-related, these strikes inspired mineworkers to demand better pay and conditions across industries, including gold mines.
4. 1982 Gold Miners' Strike – Led by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), this was one of the first major strikes involving Black miners under apartheid, signaling growing worker militancy.
5. 1987 NUM Strike – A massive strike involving over 300,000 miners (including gold miners) demanding wage increases and better living conditions. The strike lasted three weeks and ended with partial concessions from employers.

## Post-Apartheid Strikes
6. 2007 Gold Sector Strike – Around 240,000 miners went on strike demanding higher wages, leading to production losses but ultimately securing pay increases.
7. 2012 Marikana Massacre & Platinum-Gold Sector Strikes – Although primarily linked to platinum mines (Lonmin), wildcat strikes spread to gold mines like AngloGold Ashanti and Gold Fields, resulting in violent clashes between police and workers (34 miners were killed at Marikana).
8. 2014 Gold Mining Strike – NUM and AMCU (Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union) led a five-month-long strike—the longest in South African mining history—demanding higher wages from companies like Sibanye-Stillwater and Harmony Gold. The strike ended with wage compromises but caused significant economic damage.
9. 2018 Sibanye-Stillwater Strike – Over 15,000 gold miners went on strike for